RESUMO
Imaging of common bile duct (CBD) can be done by many techniques. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography is considered the gold standard for imaging of CBD. A standard technique of imaging of CBD by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has not been specifically described. The available descriptions mention different stations of imaging from the stomach and duodenum. The CBD lies closest to duodenum and choice of imaging may be restricted to duodenum for many operators. Generally most operators prefer multi station imaging during EUS and the choice of selecting the initial station varies from operator to operator. Detailed evaluation of CBD is frequently the main focus of imaging during EUS and in such situations multi station imaging with a high-resolution ultrasound scanner may provide useful information. Examination of the CBD is one of the primary indications for doing an EUS and it can be done from five stations: (1) the fundus of stomach; (2) body of stomach; (3) duodenal bulb; (4) descending duodenum; and (5) antrum. Following down the upper 1/3(rd) of CBD can do imaging of entire CBD from the liver window and following up the lower 1/3(rd) of CBD can do imaging of entire CBD from the pancreatic window. This article aims at simplifying the techniques of imaging of CBD by linear EUS.
RESUMO
Tuberculosis is a major health problem worldwide. In India, it is highly endemic. The most common manifestation is a pulmonary disease, but involvement of the gastrointestinal tract is not uncommon with the ileocecal region being the commonest site. Gastric tuberculosis is rare and usually associated with pulmonary tuberculosis or an immunodeficient state. Here, we report a case of gastric tuberculosis presenting as gastric outlet obstruction in an immunocompetent patient without evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Biopsy and PCR confirmed the diagnosis, and the patient responded well to standard antitubercular treatment. Though, gastric tuberculosis is rare, it should be considered as a possibility when patients present with gastric outlet obstruction, particularly in endemic areas with tuberculosis.
RESUMO
Linear Endosonography has been used to image the Portal Venous System but no established standard guidelines exist. This article presents techniques to visualize the portal venous system and its tributaries by linear endosonography. Attempt has been made to show most of the first order tributaries and some second order tributaries of splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein and portal vein.
RESUMO
The practical use of EUS in small children below the age of 4 years is not described. The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and clinical utility of smaller caliber echo-bronchoscope in the management of gastrointestinal, pancreatobiliary, and mediastinal disease in children below 4 years. Consecutive children of age younger than 4 years where EUS was clinically considered useful were evaluated by echo-bronchoscopes. The findings showed that EUS by echo-bronchoscopes is feasible and safe in young children.
